Wednesday, April 14, 2010

Hons 392 Sociological Autobiography


On July 24, 1991 I was born into the generation of millennials. Not only was I an African American female who would experiences living in different social classes, but I was also a member a technologically privileged and progressive bunch. I have grown up with a unique socialization background, experiencing working class, middle class, and upper middle class social status throughout life. Each of these stages of my life along with society's progressive attitude towards my ascribed characteristics helped shape my sociological perspective and contributed to my achieved status as a college student training to be a professional.

While the barriers of my ascribed characteristics may have limited my educational and social opportunities 50 years ago, the millennial era provided my with a more equal chance to grab a hold of these opportunities. As a woman and an African American, I have not been held back by outdated views on education like previous generations. This access to educational opportunities that improved with my age helped socialize me to embrace the preferred culture of our society that values higher education, appreciates the arts, and wants to influence society beyond their household. Living in America where there are many readily available education opportunities, public and private, also contributed to getting me to the point I am at now. This environmental factor is key in an individual's life as Max Gladwell points out in the Outliers. I would not have the same educational resources had I been born in a third world country. In saying that, I was born in Savannah, GA which is not particularly known as the best place for public school education. Obtaining the ability to go to the best schools there became a factor of class.

Throughout a majority of my life, my parents have been divorced and I have lived in a single-parent household. In the earlier stages of my life, my mom was a part of the working class and towards the middle of my life landed in the lower middle class. But because she worked in the school system, she valued and got more involved in our education than most working class families are able to. This also meant that my at home socialization experience matched the middle class ones that Annette Lareau talks about in Unequal Childhoods Class, Race, and Family Life. After work, she often came home and read to and with my sister and I before bed, emphasizing that recreational and educational reading in our lives can go beyond the class room. She also got us involved in structured activities like ballet, art classes, theater classes, and sports for my athletic sister. This differs a lot from the child-led playtime of the working class in Lareau's book. She also bought us huge workbooks for different subject matters that we had the summer to complete. While she provided us with the educational values of the classes above us, my dad provided the social one.

My dad's class status was already middle class and transitioned to upper middle class by the time I was in middle school. He took us on vacations and cultured us with the experience of the elite. These trips included visiting like Miami, Flordia; Charlotte, North Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland, Charleston, South Carolina; Las Vegas, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; and many others. Sometimes we went on tours and to see baseball games, but most of the time it was to shop and eat with the elite. While I am not a fan of what I call reckless spending, I can say that I have been in (because I refused to shop in them unlike my sister) stores like Sacs Fifth Avenue, Nordstorm, Brooks Brothers, Brighton, and Tiffany's. I have also gotten to enjoy food of more expense chain restaurants like Ruth's Chris and local one's that is the choice of the city's doctors and lawyers. As a result of these interactions that I experienced with the other side on vacation, I have become a versatile individual that can communicate with the range of social classes. This became key in my school experience where as I moved from better ones to the best, and where I slowly became the minority.

I started my schooling experience out in a Montessori school where we were allowed to learn at our own pace in pre-K, where I recall being able to write my name in print and cursive at that time. From kindergarten to second grade I experienced regular public schools until my mom sought to place me in a magnet school from 3rd to 5th grade, where I went to the best elementary school in the county. After that I tried a year at a magnet middle school that geared towards the arts. I was in the visual arts program before mom decided that the environment that the school was in was not what she wanted for me. That's when I made the transition to private school for middle school, where I got a firm foundation in grammar, math, and history. I also got exposed to the thoughts and beliefs of the white, upper-middle class. While my high experience school was more diverse, in most of my classes at this magnet art school I was still the minority. Our high school is the best in Savannah and constantly receives recognition at the academic level and the art level with our graduating class having the school's first Harvard student. This is an exceptional accomplishment considering the school was first chartered in the late 1990's and slowly transitioned into public magnet. While I enjoyed being a visual art major here, I also got better educational opportunities like having honors only options for most of the classes and having a variety of AP classes and after school sports, clubs, and activities (excluding basketball, football, and baseball which the school did not have) . Going here meant that you were going to college, and these educational factors along with the social class ones have given e the opportunity to reach the achieved status of a college student with hard work.

My experience in college will prepare me for a slightly higher paying career as a teacher, but it will also given me opportunities to engage in the educational world or research which could lead to other options when I am not in the classroom. I will also have the intellectual ability to converse with others of different academic areas because the liberal arts experience enforces well roundedness, forcing students to take classes beyond their subject matters. I will also experience the privilege of society valuing my views and diversified culture. I will carry into my sociological awareness and perspective along with my unique culture and hard work ethic to become the best educator I know how to be. Like Jay McLeod mentions in Ain't No Making It, the school plays a key factor in sorting children in different tracks of the social world and social class in the attitudes presented towards different individuals in their educational experience. I want to see school, instead, be made into a place tracking students in a social sense is put to an end, and all are given the equal playing grounds regardless of whether their culture is preferred in society. I think that school is a powerful place socialization that can take its power to the limit for the better. With more effort it could even counteract the family socialization experience in those classes where education is not upheld as highly. Most of a child's time is spend in school, which is more than enough hours to make an incredibly impact on how they feel about education and view themselves in society. I like to examine the conflict approach to viewing education and use it as the starting point of improving the system. Improving education means a more educated society, which means less social prejudice and a smaller gap between social classes. Regardless of social class and financial background, school played a key role in my life and he lives of my parent who continued elevating their education in adult life. It gave us the opportunity move up the social and economic ladder, which some people like the young Hallway hangers see as impossible. Education is not a social problem it is a social issue that has huge affects society and should be treat that way. These ideas are products of my socialization experience and this is my sociological perspective.

Monday, April 12, 2010

Hons 392: Comparing the poverty line and the EPI family budget to my own research

Introduction:

For this project I looked up the EPI family budget for a family living in Savannah, Georgia. My sample family consisted of two adults and two children under the age of seven. The EPI calculator gave me an average of monthly and yearly cost for the basic needs of a family including: housing, food, childcare, transportation, health care, other necessities, and taxes. I have done my own research and compared them to the averages the EPI calculator gave. In the end, I added up my yearly total and compared it with the Poverty threshold and the budget the EPI calculator gave. Under each monthly category, I explain how I came up with my estimate and provide some extra sub-categories where needed without going over the basic need criteria.

Monthly Housing:
EPI average
$769.00
My research price
from $645.00
To obtain this price I looked up local available apartment listings in Savannah on appartmentguide.com. I chose a townhouse, 3 bedroom apartment with 2 bathrooms. I selected a 3 bedroom apartment for in case the children are not the same sex. Since the family will plan on staying for a while, it will be proper that the child have their own room as a teen boy or girl. The parents will share a room with their own bathroom. The children will also share their own bathroom. The apartment that I am basing my price off of is as follows:
Live Oak Plantation
8505 Waters Ave
Savannah, GA 31406
There is a possibility that the apartment may be a little more expensive depending on whether I take a newly renovated apartment or one that needs a little fixing up, but the price above is the average price renters pay for a townhouse style apartment with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. It is a 976 square foot floor plan, so there is not an excessive amount of space, but it is sufficient. There is also no washer and dryer connection inside the apartment, but there is a laundry facility in the complex. From my own personal knowledge of the place, I know that it is located in a traffic zone area and while it is a safer location for its price it is located in an area with a high population of illegal immigrants.
Monthly Food:
EPI Average
$643.00
My estimate price
$486.17
To get an estimate price I created a mock list of items that may be essential for weekly living, and then I multiplied that by 4 for the 4 weeks in a month. I also factored in $100.00 to the monthly total for price fluxuation and to accommodate the price change if they decide to buy items deviating from the list. For example, one week they may substitute chicken and beef for salmon and ribs which cost slightly more than other meats. This also covers times where they may need to buy more food because things like spices, peanut butter, cooking oil, or flour goes low. These items don't necessarily need to be bought monthly, but can change the weekly price of shopping when it is time to replenish them. When creating the list I considered nourishing food for growing children and having a healthy family. Most of the prices are estimates from my own shopping experiences, while I got others from prices that stores advertised on the internet. Once the monthly total was added up I added the 7% sells tax to the price. My mock list and math is below:
Sample Weekly Shopping List
1 gallon of milk $1.99 (Walmart 2009)
2 bags of bread $5.59 (based on internet average for 2009, $2.79 per)
a dozen eggs $2.89 (based on internet average for 2009)
2lbs chicken $5.58 (an observed estimate based on my shopping)
2lbs of beef $8.66 (based on internet average for 2009)
2 cabbages $1.66 (an observed estimate based on my shopping, 83 cent per)
4 pre-packaged salads $15.68 (based on internet average for 2009, $3.92 per)
5 packs of frozen vegetables $18.99 (an observed estimate based on my shopping, $3.60)
2 big bags of rice $6.50 (an observed estimated based on my shopping experience, $3.25)
1 box of pasta $4.00 (an observed estimate based on my shopping experience)
1 gallon of orange juice $3.75 (an observed estimate based on my shopping experience)
1lb of lunch meat from deli $6.00 (an observed estimate based on my shopping experience)
sliced cheese $2.75 (an observed estimate based on my shopping experience)
2lb apples $4.55 (an observed estimate based on my shopping experience)
+$100.00 for variety and price fluxuation
Math: weekly total x 4 = monthly total+100 x tax(.07)= final monthly total
$88.59 x 4= $354.36
$354.36 + $100= $454.36
$454.36 x .07= $486.17
sources:
Monthly Childcare:
EPI estimate
$1011
My research price
$555 (during school year/this one is used for final monthly total)
$795 (during the summer/3 months which is added into final annual total)
To get the price of daycare for two children under 7, I called a local Savannah daycare to find out the cost of before and after school care. I also factored in $75 for incase a late-night or weekend babysitter is needed throughout the month. The childcare service that I used is my research is as follows:
Childcare Network
7360 Hodgson Memorial Dr.
Savannah, GA 31406
The price they quoted me for weekly childcare for one child was $60 during the school year for before and after school. They quoted my $90 for the summer. I took these numbers and multiplied them by two for the amount of children. Then I multiplied them by 4 for the 4 weeks in a month. Finally, I added $75 bucks to the monthly total for babysitting expenses.
Math: price x 2= weekly cost for 2 x 4= monthly total + $75= final monthly total
$60 x 2= $120
$120 x 4= $480
$480 + $75= $555
$90 x 2= $180
$180 x 4= $720
$720 x $75= $795
Monthly Transportation
EPI estimate
$404
My research price
$273
To obtain this price I assumed that the family already owns a paid used car that takes 30 miles per gallon. I also assumed that the children take the bus to school in the morning, but the parents pick them up. The entire family uses this one car for their weekly errands. I first found the cheapest gas price that I could find in the area, which came from a nearby Kroger (located on Abercorn st.). Their price is $2.61 per gallon. Based on my family's experience with a car of the same miles per gallon, it would take about $60 to fill the tank for two busy weeks. I used this to come up with a monthly total of $120 for gas expenses. Since care insurance is mandatory in Georgia, I also had to factor that in. I used the national monthly average for car insurance which was obtained from http://www.carinsurance.com/. The average monthly price that was given was $153. I also considered that the family only needs minimum coverage for their basic needs. I added this to the gas price to come up with a monthly total of $273.
Monthly Healthcare:
EPI estimate
$407
My research price
$268.18
To get this price I did research on http://www.ehealthcare.com/ to get a quote. The website required that I put an age in for all members of the family. I made the wife 38 and the husband 39 when filling out information for the quote. The children were 5 and 6. The cheapest healthcare provider that came up was Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia. They gave a quote of $268.18 for the POS plan, which is the one I used for the family. The basics of this include a $7,500 deductible, 30% coinsurance, and $30 co-pay. The family will only have to worry about these expenses when they need treatment.
Other Necessities:
EPI estimate
$339
My estimate
$399
Other necessities include items like toiletry, cleaning products, utilities, car maintenance, and unexpected expenses like medicine cost when someone gets sick. Because this category can be interpreted differently by different people, I based my estimate for this off of the EPI estimate. For a family of four, items like soap, toilet paper, laundry detergent, and dish detergent can be used up rather quickly and at an inconsistent rate. This means that the amount they spent on this stuff a month plus items like utilities, car maintenance, and unexpected cost can fluxuate. I feel that the EPI estimate is a sufficient amount for whatever the family considers necessary at the time. If I were to come up with my own estimate, it would probably leave out many important factors. I consider this total the family allowance, which covers the changing necessities for the month and is left up to them to determine have it if spent for the unique needs of each month.
Monthly Taxes
EPI estimate
$385
My estimate
$450
While the EPI estimate it enough to cover elements like Workers Comp, Unemployment, and FICA, it does not consider the risk of under paying, which the family has control over. Since the family can chose how much taxes they have taken out of their paycheck with the W-4 form, they would want to ensure that underpaying does not happen. According to http://www.census.gov/, the average family of four in America makes about $43,318 a year, while the specific average for the South is $39,823. Most people follow a 22% rule when deciding how much of their yearly salary goes into taxes. For a family making between $39,823 and $43,318, this means that about $3000 dollars should be paid a month. But things like amount of dependants living under one roof and money given to charity lowers the amount of taxes that has to be paid. The family for the experiment makes a more modest salary that would be slightly above the poverty threshold to show how much one can survive off of just considering the basic needs. This safely puts them at an estimate of $450 for taxes a month. This ensures that they are no underpaying and can even mean that they are paid back during incomes tax time if they gave too much.
Final Monthly Total:
EPI estimate
$3959
My researched estimate
$3076.35
Final Annual Total:
EPI estimate
$47,506
My researched estimate
$37636.20
Poverty threshold
$22,050
Poverty threshold based off my researched price of food
(math: monthly food cost x 12= annual food cost x 3) based off of www.ocpp.org/poverty/how.htm
$17502.12
My Thoughts:
I am surprised that even considering how much lower my researched prices added up to be, my annual budget total for the bare minimum necessities was incredibly higher than the poverty threshold. While researching, I was shocked to come across prices much lower than the EPI estimate and thought that they could possible add up to be near the poverty threshold. This research shows that food is not a sufficient source to base poverty off of. The US government takes the annual cost of food for a family of four and multiplies it by 3 to state what is considered a sufficient amount to live off of. My own researched poverty threshold calculation shows how absurd that is relative to my sample family's diet, which is not as expense since the children are still young. When doing my research the component of the budget that really surprised me was how low childcare can be. I was expecting this to be one of my more expensive costs, but to my surprise it was the one with the greatest distance from the EPI estimate. It was dramatically low. Overall, I think Savannah is a pretty affordable place to live considering my ability to find almost all of the budget factors at prices lower than the EPI estimate. But even in this town where the cost of living is lower, the poverty threshold for a family of four cannot support them. Just considering necessities alone, my research shows that a family needs about $37,636 to survive. Poverty threshold does not consider the rising gas prices, childcare cost, or insurance because these things were not as big of a factor years ago when the equation was formed. Now the number is just merely an estimate of how much it would cost to eat for three years if prices do not fluxuate. This price does not meet the needs of the modern family that is now required to have car insurance to drive in their state and proper childcare to keep their children from being taken away by Defax if both of them are working.

Thursday, April 8, 2010

Hons 392 Privileged: How Hollywood and the media shape attitudes surrounding the beauty of African American women

Lately, one might notice that women of color like Avatar's Zoe Saldana and Halle Berry have been the "it" actresses in Hollywood, portraying a diverse range of characters. Not only are they success stories of how actresses of color rise in Hollywood and penetrate into the mainstream, but are often painted as the poster children of beauty. In a society where beauty is closely associated with femininity and gender, sustaining the "in" look becomes a priority for women of all types. But for Caucasian, women Hollywood and the media provides them with a variety of options to base their beauty off of ranging from Cameron Diaz and Drew Berrymore to Megan Fox and Keri Knightley. For women of color, specifically examining African Americans, their mainstreamed idols of beauty are limited to the light skinned, ethnically versatile women like Rihanna, Beyonce, and Tyra Banks. This plays a key role in how middle-class African American women present themselves as beautiful and choose to "dress for success".

While being white has its privileges as Peggy McIntosh points out in White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, being considered beautiful in America also has its privileges. This is seen in the marrying choices of richer men, where the "trophy wife" becomes more common. Many women get plastic surgery to become beautiful relative to the media's portrayal of beauty so they can be more desirable to the opposite sex or obtain a job that is based on beauty, which tend to be higher paying than the average job. This is seen in the salaries of super models, exotic dancers, big name actresses, call girls, and luxurious lifestyle of famous porn stars. Let's not forget that when it comes to endorsements, especially for beauty products, the best looking of the crop are chosen, many of who are listed in the above paragraph. While white women have to face this pressure, African American women have to deal with both the racial and the beauty factor to obtain privilege or become more favorable in America where media sets the precedent.

For African American women the pressure to be light-skinned and have straight hair may be present across the class border, but it is more prominent in middle and upper middle class where the most privilege conscious individuals are located. It is the middle class women who can afford to go to expensive salons to have her hair chemically straighten and if desired weaved with 100% non-African American human hair. The rarity of extensions made of African American hair itself shows that natural African characteristics are not desired in the beauty world. It is also these women who can afford the bleaching creams or the more popular term "complexion clearing" products made for women of color, and sold mainly in beauty stores in areas with high a black population. As a result, being dark and having "bad" or "nappy" hair has gotten the stigma as ugly. In the fan constructed top ten list of African American actresses only two of the women were of a darker complexion. This can explain why these women of color try to mask the ascribed features of their race. This Americanized idea of beauty for them contrast drastically from Africa where women of many complexions are desirable and wear their heads shaved.

This stage of socialization is prompted at early stages of an African American girl's life. This is seen in story that my roommate (Caucasian) shared with me about one of her elementary school friends who happened to be African American. One day when they were playing together, the girl reached and grabbed some of my roommates shedding hair and places it on her head. Then she makes the comment, "Now if I water it my hair will grow to be exactly like yours"(which at the time was blond and straight). At early ages children see the ideas of beauty forced on them by the media. Despite her ethnic background, Dora the explorer is not portrayed with curly, lively hair, and none of the original Disney princesses had the darker skin this little girl. She immediately noticed that characteristics of white women were more desired. This is reflected in who is considered beautiful in this race. Even when an African American Miss America is chosen, she closely resembles and bi-racial woman than an African American woman. This is seen with the 2010 winner of the competition who won a $50,000 scholarship, which reinforces the idea of beauty carrying privileges. In the case of the African American woman, beauty is also tied to the nearness of whiteness. While Hollywood and the media is slowly diversifying, faces like Jada Picket and Gabrielle Union are the ones to make to cover of mainstream (non-African American) magazines showing the world what a beautiful African American women should look like. Women like the William sisters will remain second rate and labeled as manly, and actresses like Tara Thorton will remain unknown. The interesting thing is that both races in America accept these definitions of beauty for African American because it has been long standing, showing just how powerful the media can be. As stated in Giltin's Media Unlimited How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives, the supply for these images will continue if there is a demand.

Want to see what America thinks African American beauty should look like for yourself?
Type in African American Actressess into google and see what comes up. http://www.google.com/
How many dark skinned, natural haired, mainstreamed women can you find?